| Collective Bargaining -- Reserved Rights |
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| Prior to collective bargaining, the only restrictions imposed on managerial authority were those emanating from statutes such as minimum wage and maximum hour laws. It stands to reason that the advent of collective bargaining would result in an effort by unions to modify those previously exclusive prerogatives. It is not unionization itself or even the requirement of collective bargaining that results in the employer's surrender of its previously comprehensive authority. Rather, it is the employer's effort to seek agreement that leads to the voluntary surrender of certain managerial rights.More... |
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| Social Security Disability Insurance |
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| The federal government provides disability benefits to workers through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program, which is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA). To be eligible to receive SSDI benefits, a worker must have worked for a certain number of calendar quarters. The SSDI benefit is calculated on the basis of the age of the employee and the employee's earnings record and is adjusted annually to account for cost of living increases. SSDI payments commence after a five-month waiting period.More... |
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| Breastfeeding in the Workplace |
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| It is now generally recognized that breastfeeding should be encouraged and that babies who are breastfed receive numerous health and other benefits. The American Academy of Pediatrics, for example, recommends that women breastfeed their babies exclusively through the age of six months. Consequently, state legislatures have responded by passing laws to promote the public policy interests advanced by breastfeeding. Many states, for example, now have laws specifically stating that breastfeeding in public is not lewd behavior and that women have the right to breastfeed their children nearly any place they have a right to be.More... |
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| Unemployment Compensation Overview |
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| All states provide compensation to unemployed workers under certain circumstances. Generally, states require employers to contribute to an unemployment compensation fund for all employees. When benefits are sought, payment is made to eligible former employees from the fund. Most states exempt charitable or non-profit organizations from unemployment compensation coverage. They also exclude employers that have a very small number of employees. Furthermore, in order to be covered by unemployment compensation, a worker must be an actual "employee" and not merely an independent contractor. More... |
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| Federal Employment Merit System Principles |
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| Most civilian federal workers are employed pursuant to a merit system. Initially created by the Civil Service Act of 1883, the merit system was originally administered by the Civil Service Commission. In 1978, Congress passed the Civil Service Reform Act, which eliminated the Civil Service Commission and created several new agencies, including the Office of Personnel Management.More... |
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